All trimesters of pregnancy by week, indicating the most dangerous periods. Second trimester of pregnancy: health, nutrition, problems

Pregnancy is one of the most beautiful and important periods in a woman's life. One of the safe and calm moments is the second trimester, when a woman does not suffer from toxicosis, and the risks of abortion are minimized. In obstetric practice, the 2nd trimeter is often called the "golden mean". It is during this period that a woman begins to feel the movement of the fetus, there is a feeling of impending motherhood.

The second trimester starts at week 13 and lasts. During this period, changes continue to occur in the woman's body, the fetus is actively developing, the woman's stomach slowly begins to increase in size. Basically, the 2nd trimester is accompanied by a feeling of comfort. The woman is no longer tormented by toxicosis, her mood improves. Despite the comfortable period, you should not relax, because, like other trimesters of pregnancy, it requires maximum attention from the woman herself and doctors. At this stage, up to 16 weeks, the final period of the formation of the intrauterine life of the child, the laying of internal organs and the formation of the placenta. It is from this period that the placenta is fully formed, protects the baby from harmful influences, and provides oxygen supply.

In the second trimester of pregnancy, a woman may encounter certain difficulties, so you need to know not only how the baby develops, what sensations will be present, but also what risks may appear and what to do in some situations.

The size and weight of the fetus in the second trimester

Starting from, the fetus begins to actively develop. It forms a skeleton and internal organs. If in the first trimester there is a laying of all organs and systems, then starting from the second trimester, its organs and systems begin to work independently. For example, the fetal heart begins to beat 2 times faster, pumps about 22 liters of blood. The formation of the brain also occurs, twists appear, the pituitary gland begins to work, the intestines, bladder, kidneys and other organs are formed. Only the respiratory system rests.

At this stage of pregnancy, the growth and size of the fetus increases. If in the 1st trimester he weighed about 20 g, and the body length was 7 cm, then in the 2nd trimester, by the end of it, the baby weighs from 850 g to 1000 g. The growth of the fetus increases to 35 cm in full growth. Thus, the fetus from a small embryo turns into a fetus weighing up to 1 kg.

In the fourth month of pregnancy, the fetus develops rapidly. The following changes occur in his tiny body:

The skeleton is strengthened, the bones grow intensively.
The organs of the abdominal cavity develop.
The kidneys begin to excrete urine.
The stomach, gallbladder and intestines function.
The cerebral cortex is being formed.
The first hormones are produced in the adrenal glands.
The formation of milk teeth is completed.
The proportions of the baby's body are changing.
Sexual glands develop.
Fingernails appear.
In girls, the uterus and fallopian tubes are formed, in boys, the genitals.
The muscles of the face are formed.

Starting with the fetus, the auditory ossicles are formed, which allows him to hear his mother. During this period, he is quite active, moves a lot, often changes his position, which allows the mother to feel the first movements of the baby. From the 19th week, the fetus can blink and squint, open its mouth. Taste buds begin to form in him, which allows him to feel the taste of the food that mom eats.

By the end of the 2nd trimester, the mental abilities of the fetus are being formed, all parts of the cerebral cortex are well developed. The placenta at this stage is also fully formed. It provides the fetus with all the nutrients, protects against negative effects, and provides oxygen access. In the second trimester, the fetus is fully formed, increases in size every day and reaches almost 1 kg by the end of the 27th week.

Condition of the pregnant woman in the second trimester

Unlike the first trimester, in the second, a woman feels much better. She no longer suffers from toxicosis, there are no big risks for abortion. At this stage, the expectant mother begins to feel the first movements of the fetus, which become more pronounced and tangible every day. In the second trimester, the hormonal background begins to normalize, overall well-being improves, mood and appetite increase. Many mothers during this period are full of energy, begin to visit the pool, do yoga, and some decide to travel. The woman's belly is inconspicuous, but begins to acquire roundness. Despite the improvement in well-being, there are still some nuances that bother a woman and can cause anxiety.

Nausea in the second trimester of pregnancy

Normally, with the onset of the second trimester, toxicosis recedes, and a good appetite comes to replace it. However, due to the individual characteristics of the woman, many women still continue to complain of slight nausea, which is mainly present in the morning or as a reaction to unpleasant or pungent odors. With a slight nausea, you should not worry, it will pass by the 18th week. In the absence of any pathologies of pregnant women, doctors recommend drinking water with lemon or tea immediately after waking up for morning sickness. The cause of this condition can also be malnutrition of the mother, eating fatty foods, overeating or starvation.

In the case when nausea is constant, there is an urge to, you should immediately consult a doctor, as this may be a sign of gestosis or other pathology dangerous for the development and life of the child and the woman herself.

Discharge in the second trimester of pregnancy

In the second trimester of pregnancy, vaginal discharge can be both the norm and be a sign of internal diseases. It is very important to pay attention to the nature of the discharge.

Normal discharge in the 2nd trimester has a milky tint. What is the result of hormonal changes in the body of a woman. The secretions themselves have a slight odor, their number may increase slightly as the period increases. The following vaginal discharges are cause for concern:

accompanied by itching and burning in the vaginal area - a sign (candidiasis).
Smearing spotting is a sign, a threat of miscarriage, premature birth.
A yellowish or greenish discharge is a sign of a vaginal infection.
with an unpleasant odor.

The appearance of such secretions in any trimester of pregnancy should alert the woman, become a reason for contacting a doctor who, after the results of the examination, examination, will be able to identify the cause, if necessary, prescribe appropriate treatment.

Pain in the second trimester of pregnancy

Starting from the second trimester, a woman may periodically be disturbed by pain in the lumbar region or pelvis. Doctors explain such painful sensations by an increase in the uterus, its pressure on neighboring organs. But in cases of pathologies or possible risks, pain can be the first signal for immediate medical attention. A pregnant woman should be alerted by pulling pains in the lower abdomen, pain in the sacrum or thighs. With the threat of a miscarriage, in addition to pain, bloody discharge from the vagina will also be present.

In the second trimester, a pregnant woman often suffers from heartburn, which also appears as a result of an increase in the uterus, its pressure on the stomach. Heartburn is not a serious symptom. It worries almost 80% of pregnant women.

In connection with the same increase in the uterus, the expectant mother may be disturbed by constipation, there is a risk of developing hemorrhoids. In such cases, doctors recommend adjusting the diet, eating as many fermented milk products as possible or those that contain fiber.

Pain can also appear as a result of convulsions - muscle spasms due to their involuntary contraction. Cramps can be a sign of impaired mineral metabolism in the body. It is recommended to lead a healthy lifestyle, in the absence of contraindications, do gymnastics for pregnant women, and also pay attention to your diet, which should be rich in vitamins, minerals and other useful substances.

Colds in the second trimester of pregnancy

During pregnancy, a woman is vulnerable to various viral and bacterial infections, which can cause an increase in body temperature. Fortunately, in the second trimester, a cold is not as dangerous as at the beginning of pregnancy, but it is still important to pay attention to it, to treat it at its first signs. Most of the drugs are contraindicated, so self-medication, as well as uncontrolled medication, should be excluded. At the first sign of a cold, you need to consult a doctor who can choose the most optimal treatment regimen and give useful recommendations.

It is important to remember that at the beginning of the 2nd trimester, a cold is just as dangerous for a pregnant woman and, with its complications, can provoke a miscarriage. In this regard, only a doctor can prescribe treatment. With minor signs of SARS, bed rest is recommended, plenty of drinking, inhalation, rinsing, nasal rinsing, you can seek help from traditional medicine, use only proven and safe methods. If necessary, taking medications.

Temperature in the second trimester of pregnancy

During pregnancy of the 2nd trimester, body temperature may increase, which is the body's reaction to a particular irritant. At subfebrile temperature not higher than 37.5 degrees, it is not worth taking measures for treatment. In some women, this temperature is present in the 1st and early second trimester. It is not worth ignoring an elevated body temperature, since it can be a sign of an ectopic position of the fetus or an internal infection.

It is very important to determine the cause of elevated body temperature, as it has a negative effect on the fetus. To normalize body temperature, the doctor may prescribe antipyretic drugs: It is important to understand that such drugs as - must be abandoned. At the same time, such drugs can be taken only at a body temperature above 37.8-38 degrees.

Tests in the second trimester of pregnancy

In the second trimester of pregnancy, a woman undergoes a routine examination, which consists of an ultrasound of the fetus, a clinical blood test, and urine. During this period, a gynecological smear is also prescribed, an analysis for TORCH infection. If necessary, if a fetal pathology is suspected, the doctor prescribes a biochemical screening, or “triple test”, which consists of a blood test for 3 markers. The results of the studies make it possible to identify possible pathologies in the development of the fetus, as well as chromosomal abnormalities that can serve as a reason for terminating a pregnancy for medical reasons. Full screening is recommended for women who have had a miscarriage, are older than 35, or have a history of fetal failure. Tests and full screening are carried out only for women who are at risk.

Signs of a missed pregnancy in the second trimester

In the second trimester of pregnancy, a real tragedy for a woman can be the fading of the fetus. The most dangerous period is 16 - 18 weeks. That is why those women who are at risk are recommended to be screened during the 16th or 18th week. The main signs are considered to be the absence of fetal movements, periodic, brown discharge may be disturbing. If a missed pregnancy is suspected, a woman needs to visit a doctor as soon as possible, undergo an ultrasound scan that can confirm or refute the death of the fetus.

Food

A woman's nutrition will play a key role throughout pregnancy. In the second trimester, a woman's appetite increases. Nutrition should be balanced, fortified and healthy. Proper diet and healthy nutrition will provide a woman's body with all the necessary substances for full growth and development.

The diet should contain only fresh and natural products: fish, meat, eggs, cottage cheese, dairy and sour-milk products. Porridge, vegetables and fruits, as well as beef liver, tomato juice will bring benefits. It is better to eat food raw, boiled or stewed. It is not recommended to eat fried foods, spices, foods containing dyes and carcinogens. Do not abuse sweet and flour products, this will help to avoid significant weight gain and the development of pregnant women.

At any stage of pregnancy, it is forbidden to drink alcohol, even in small quantities, and also stop smoking.

In order for the 2nd trimester, as well as the entire pregnancy to proceed without complications, the woman feels comfortable, some rules must be followed:

Proper nutrition.
Moderate physical activity.
Daily outdoor walks.
Lack of contact with sick people.
Compliance with all rules of personal hygiene.
Comfortable clothes and underwear made from natural fabrics.
Full and comfortable sleep.
Absence of any stressful situations.
In hot weather, do not stay in the open sun for a long time.
Regular visits to the doctor, delivery of all tests.

Compliance with elementary rules will help reduce all sorts of risks that may appear in the second term of pregnancy, improve a woman's well-being, and ensure healthy growth and development of the fetus.

The 2nd trimester of pregnancy has its own characteristics. What should a future mother know about this period? Let's talk about how long the second trimester lasts, what to expect from it in terms of well-being and what happens to the child. As they say, he who is warned is armed.

The 2nd trimester of pregnancy has come, which means that you are already almost halfway to meeting your baby. Many mothers remember this time as the best during all nine months. The main features of the 2nd trimester of pregnancy are that during this period the body finally gets used to the changes, the expectant mother feels a surge of energy and is ready to return to an active life after a difficult (not for everyone, but for many) first trimester.

What you need to know when the 2nd trimester of pregnancy comes? First of all, what is allowed and what is forbidden. A lot is allowed in the middle of the term. This is the best time to go in for sports, spend time actively with family and friends, and bring sex back into your life. You just need to be careful, avoid excessive stress and try to avoid stressful situations. The risks of harming the baby during this period are minimized, many diseases are tolerated without consequences.

If the pregnancy proceeds with complications, then the 2nd trimester will not be as active as in the absence of pathologies: your doctor should give recommendations regarding lifestyle and nutrition.

How many weeks in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy

When does the 2nd trimester start and end according to the pregnancy calendar? The 13th week is considered the last in the first trimester, on the 14th a conditional transition to a new period is carried out, that is, the 14th week already belongs to the 2nd trimester. It is generally accepted that the third trimester of pregnancy begins from the 28th week, that is, the end of the 2nd trimester falls on the 27th week. It is considered transitional, but refers to the second trimester. It is easy to calculate how many weeks the 2nd trimester of pregnancy lasts: 14 weeks. This is provided that we refer to the second week 14 and 27, because there are other classifications that define the 2nd trimester as a period from 15 to 26 weeks inclusive, that is, without transition weeks. However, this is rarely shared.

Dangerous weeks in the 2nd trimester

Despite the fact that in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the expectant mother feels good, there are dangerous weeks here too. It is worth paying attention to any ailment from the 18th to the 22nd week. At this time, the uterus begins to rapidly increase in size, which can lead to a number of complications: weakening of the cervix, improper location of the placenta. The growth of the uterus is accompanied by pain in the lower back, but if they are also accompanied by pain in the abdomen, then you should immediately consult a doctor.

2nd trimester: signs of pregnancy

In the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, special signs of pregnancy appear, which every expectant mother is waiting for: an increase in the abdomen and the movement of the baby. If in the first trimester you managed to hide your "interesting position" from outsiders, then in the second - it is unlikely: the stomach is noticeably rounded, and closer to the third trimester it becomes large.

From 18 (sometimes from 16) to 20 weeks, the baby begins to "push" for the first time. A peculiar movement, which is called jolts, is repeated up to ten times a day. According to him, the expectant mother determines that everything is fine with her baby. Tremors continue until the end of pregnancy. If during the day you do not feel movement, then you need to urgently contact a gynecologist. In the 2nd trimester, the fetus may freeze, signs of a non-developing pregnancy include the absence of tremors, the appearance of spotting, and aching pain in the lower abdomen. Don't overthink yourself during pregnancy, but don't ignore the obvious signals either.

Feelings in the 2nd trimester

In the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the expectant mother experiences much more pleasant sensations than in the early stages. By the 14th week, dizziness disappears, the hormonal background stabilizes, but most importantly, toxicosis disappears. Usually in the second trimester, nausea is replaced by increased appetite.

If after the 15th week you are still often bothered by vomiting and dizziness, then do not put off going to the doctor. Such manifestations may indicate late toxicosis, which is dangerous not only for you, but also for the baby.

In the second trimester, the uterus increases significantly, and accordingly the stomach also increases, which can cause pain in the pelvic region and lower back. This is a normal phenomenon associated with an increase in load. The growing uterus compresses the stomach, so during this period, the expectant mother may be disturbed by constipation and heartburn. Do not forget that everything is individual, so you may expect other pleasant or not so surprises. In the absence of pregnancy pathologies, the second trimester is remembered as the "golden time" when you can enjoy your position and lead an active lifestyle.

What happens to the child in the 2nd trimester

You are probably wondering what happens to the child when the 2nd trimester of pregnancy comes? Let's talk about it. The formation of the main organs and systems occurs even before the 14th week, and in the second trimester they only improve and become more complicated. The 2nd trimester of pregnancy is a period when the development of the fetus is active, but at the same time the placenta reliably protects it from negative effects, so complications at this time are less common than in the first weeks.

At the beginning of the second trimester, the rudiments of teeth are finally formed, the sweat glands begin to work actively, the reproductive, nervous, and circulatory systems are improved. Approximately at the 18th week, the baby begins to make characteristic respiratory movements, which indicates the development of the lungs, his hearing aid becomes more complicated, the child begins to “give” signals to his mother - to push. In the second trimester, the child is actively gaining weight, he develops all five senses: in a word, preparations are in full swing for the baby to meet the world.

With the onset of the second trimester of pregnancy, almost the “golden time” for the expectant mother begins: toxicosis, most likely, is already in the past, the tummy is somewhat rounded, but not yet enough to add clumsiness and difficulties to the woman. The second trimester of pregnancy, starting from the 13th week, becomes the most fertile period for the expectant mother: now you can walk in the fresh air, visit the pool or yoga classes, enjoy theatrical performances and read books without suffering from headaches and constant feeling of nausea.

With each week, pregnancy becomes noticeable to others: the figure of a woman is rounded, her breasts increase. Experts advise to slowly think about, which is recommended to start wearing from about the 20th week of pregnancy in order to avoid stretch marks and to eliminate the threat of abortion. At the same time, you can slowly begin to prepare your breasts for feeding, daily rubbing the mammary glands with a terry towel and taking air baths.

In the second trimester of pregnancy, one of the main periods of the intrauterine life of the baby also falls: by the 16th week, the laying of the baby's internal organs and the formation of the placenta are completed. So, from now on, the function of supplying oxygen and nutrients, as well as the responsibility to protect the child from the influence of many harmful substances and the penetration of infections, falls on the placenta.

Nausea in the second trimester of pregnancy

As a rule, nausea in the second trimester of pregnancy no longer bothers a woman - toxicosis with all the accompanying "charms" becomes an unpleasant memory of early pregnancy. By the second trimester, most pregnant women notice that nausea has disappeared, and an increased appetite has replaced it.

But, at the same time, do not forget that the body of each person is unique, and each woman “endures” pregnancy in different ways. Therefore, it is not surprising that some mothers, even with the onset of the second trimester of pregnancy, may complain of nausea, which usually occurs in the morning, immediately after waking up, or as a reaction to annoying unpleasant odors.

The methods of “fighting” this unpleasant phenomenon are used in the usual way: morning sickness can be dealt with by drinking water with lemon or tea immediately after waking up and snacking on cookies or crackers without even getting out of bed. Still, you should “look for” the most optimal foods, avoiding fatty foods. It is advisable to exclude all smells that provoke attacks of nausea - a sharp perfume, the aroma of pasties or fried onions (which of the women is “weak” for what).

In the case of debilitating nausea with constant regular bouts of vomiting, it is still worth consulting a doctor: this situation is considered a pathology and can be dangerous.

Discharge in the second trimester of pregnancy

If in the early stages, vaginal discharge does not change dramatically either qualitatively or quantitatively, then the second trimester of pregnancy is usually distinguished by some increase in discharge. At the same time, pregnancies acquire a somewhat whitish milky color, and are distinguished by their unexpressed somewhat sour smell.

An increase in the intensity of discharge is a consequence of hormonal changes in the body, and one should be prepared for the fact that as the duration of pregnancy increases, the amount of discharge will also increase. If the discharge is not accompanied by itching and / or burning sensation and does not change color, you should not be alarmed. But you should be wary if:

curdled or thick white discharge appears in the second trimester of pregnancy, causing discomfort in the form of itching or burning. Most likely, you will have to deal with thrush, which must be treated in order to avoid transmission of infection to the baby;
bloody discharge appears. Perhaps they are provoked by erosion of the cervix, in addition, such discharge may signal a threat of miscarriage or premature birth (depending on the period);
the discharge changes color, acquiring a greenish, yellow tint, or is distinguished by “foaminess”. Probably, we will talk about the accession of the infection;
the discharge is transparent and has an unpleasant odor. The risk of developing bacterial vaginosis is great;
the discharge is plentiful, while transparent and does not have a pronounced unpleasant odor. Perhaps this indicates irritation from some kind of influence (for example, as a reaction to panty liners, and then the situation can be changed by eliminating the irritant). Or there is leakage of amniotic fluid (you can install it using an indicator test sold at a pharmacy, or during an examination).

Pain in the second trimester of pregnancy

The most common complaints of this period regarding pain are pain in the lower back and pelvic region. Doctors explain such pains in the second trimester of pregnancy by a gradual increase in the uterus and, accordingly, an increase in the size of the abdomen.

But there should not be any pain in the abdomen. Therefore, if there are pulling pains in the abdomen, and even “reinforced” pains in the sacrum or hips, and even more so, in the presence of spotting, you should immediately consult a doctor - the risk of miscarriage is too high.

A very unpleasant phenomenon in the second trimester of pregnancy can be heartburn - as a result of squeezing the stomach by a growing uterus, and therefore the normal function of digestion is disturbed.

Again, due to an increase in the uterus in size and compression of the abdominal organs, constipation may develop. It is important to adhere to a proper diet and increase the amount of fiber in the diet; prunes, dried apricots and baked apples will also help to cope with constipation. Constipation must be avoided, because it is not far from constant constipation to hemorrhoids, and this is much more serious and "painful" than simply the inability to go to the toilet "by and large".

Perhaps in the second trimester of pregnancy, the appearance of convulsions - painful involuntary muscle contractions in the calves and feet. This symptom may indicate a violation of mineral metabolism in the body and be caused by congestion in the legs. It is important to lead an active lifestyle, for joints and visiting the pool, do foot massage and pay attention to the quality of nutrition. So, calcium, magnesium and vitamin E should be present in the diet in sufficient quantities.

Colds in the second trimester of pregnancy

In the second trimester, as well as throughout pregnancy, a woman is still vulnerable to all sorts of colds. But, fortunately, a cold in the second trimester of pregnancy no longer poses such a danger as in the early stages of bearing a baby. And, nevertheless, it is necessary to treat colds, moreover, it is necessary with the intervention of a doctor - most of the medications are still banned, and a cold, albeit not on such a “scale”, can still cause great trouble.

So, at this stage, a cold can provoke the development of fetoplacental insufficiency, and due to violations of the functions of the placenta, there is a high risk of fetal hypoxia, fetal growth retardation. In addition, a cold in the second trimester of pregnancy can negatively affect the nervous system of the fetus, because right now it is actively developing.

If a woman catches a cold at the 14th week of pregnancy, the risk of miscarriage remains, in addition, endocrine system disturbances are possible (its formation is now being completed). At 16-17 weeks of pregnancy, a cold can affect the formation of the baby's bone tissue - active strengthening of the bones of the fetus lasts until the 18th week. A cold at 19-20 weeks of pregnancy is dangerous for a girl growing in the womb of her mother: during this period, the formation of baby eggs occurs, and viruses can have an extremely adverse effect on their number and functioning.

In connection with all of the above, the treatment of a cold in the second trimester of pregnancy should not be neglected. The treatment regimen should be discussed with the doctor, in any case, the woman is shown bed rest, drinking plenty of water, gargling with herbal decoctions with the addition of soda, and rinsing the nose with saline.

Temperature in the second trimester of pregnancy

But not always, unfortunately, colds are expressed only by mild ailments, in many cases, they are associated with a significant increase in temperature. It is believed that a significantly elevated temperature in the second trimester of pregnancy does not have a negative effect on the fetus - to a certain extent, negative effects are removed by the placental barrier, and the placenta also becomes an obstacle to the penetration of viruses and infections to the child. But, at the same time, it is necessary to be treated, and necessarily - following the treatment regimen prescribed by the doctor.

It should be remembered that in no case should Aspirin, Analgin, Nurofen be used to lower the temperature. Only preparations based on antipyretics are acceptable as an antipyretic, and then after consultation with a specialist. At the same time, if the temperature does not exceed 37.8-38 degrees, it is advisable to cope with the temperature syndrome with the help of folk remedies - using a decoction of lime blossom, tea with honey and raspberries, making cold compresses.

If a significantly elevated temperature is fixed without the accompanying symptoms of a cold in the form of a cough, runny nose and malaise, it may be caused by much more serious diseases. So, high temperature can be accompanied by pyelonephritis, tuberculosis, herpes and some other diseases that are dangerous for the development and normal formation of the fetus. Therefore, in the presence of fever without cold symptoms, you should always consult with a therapist and gynecologist, and also, if necessary, take tests.

As for the "subfebrile" states in the range of 37.2-37.5 degrees. Somewhat elevated temperature, inherent in the early period of pregnancy, may persist into the second trimester. But, at the same time, such temperature indicators in the second trimester of pregnancy can also be a sign of an ectopic position of the fetus. And therefore, also examinations and ultrasound, analyzes necessary at this time, acquire such importance.

Ultrasound in the second trimester of pregnancy

In the second trimester, the pregnant woman will undergo a second planned ultrasound, the optimal time for which is 20-24 weeks. By this time, ultrasound no longer provides for the mandatory preparation and conduct of it with a full bladder: there is enough already existing amniotic fluid.

During an ultrasound in the second trimester of pregnancy, a specialist evaluates the development of the fetus and the amount of amniotic fluid, determines the presence or absence of malformations of the internal systems and organs of the child, and specifies the gestational age. If for some reason during the first planned ultrasound it was not diagnosed, the doctor will inform mom and dad about its presence now. In addition, ultrasound in the second trimester of pregnancy can show the sex of the expected baby, however, often the baby turns his buttocks, which makes it impossible to determine.

The second scheduled ultrasound examination allows, among other things, to assess the condition of the placenta and umbilical cord, display data on the length of the cervix and the condition of the internal os.

Tests in the second trimester of pregnancy

In addition to ultrasound, tests are needed in the second trimester of pregnancy in the form of a clinical blood test (mainly to determine the level of hemoglobin) and a general urine test (to assess kidney function). In addition, a gynecological smear will be taken from the pregnant woman, and, if necessary, an analysis for TORCH infection.

In the second trimester of pregnancy, the so-called biochemical screening, or “triple test”, can be offered and carried out. This analysis involves a blood test for 3 main markers: human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and estriol. A triple test allows you to identify possible malformations and chromosomal abnormalities of the fetus, impaired formation of the spinal cord, hydrocephalus and some other pathologies. This "combined" analysis can be shown to those women who have already experienced pregnancy failure, those who have relatives with congenital developmental pathologies. However, it should be borne in mind that in any case, the diagnosis is not made based on the results of the analysis: the triple test is designed to determine whether the pregnant woman belongs to the risk group. The optimal time for biochemical screening is considered to be 16-18 weeks.

Signs of a missed pregnancy in the second trimester

One of the biggest tragedies that can happen in the second trimester of pregnancy is fetal fading. In principle, the cessation of development and subsequent death of the fetus, which, in fact, is a missed pregnancy, can also happen at an earlier date. The risk of freezing remains in the second trimester, the most dangerous in this regard is the period of 16-18 weeks.

The main signs that may indicate a fading pregnancy are:

cessation or absence of fetal movements. Mommy can feel the first movements of the baby by 18-20 weeks (usually, movements are felt by multiparous women earlier). If the baby suddenly stops “moving” in the tummy from time to time, you should immediately consult a doctor - the specialist will listen to the fetal heartbeat with a stethoscope, and in case of poor performance (deaf or not audible pulse), he will prescribe an additional ultrasound;
a possible fading of pregnancy may be signaled by changes regarding the mammary glands. So, for a frozen pregnancy, a decrease in the size of the breasts is characteristic, the mammary glands become soft, the secretion of colostrum stops;
a specialist can diagnose pregnancy fading during a gynecological examination: by an ajar cervix, cessation of uterine growth, thick brown discharge and a specific red-pink color of the vagina.

Nutrition in the second trimester of pregnancy

Nutrition in the second trimester of pregnancy still plays one of the key roles for the normal formation of the fetus and the excellent well-being of the expectant mother. The main condition regarding the diet is that it must be balanced, provide the body of a woman and a child in the right quantities with the necessary nutrients and nutrients.

Mandatory on the mother's table is fish and lean meats (preferably boiled), which will become the main source of protein. Eggs, cottage cheese, dairy and sour-milk products will provide the calcium necessary at this stage, which is necessary for the normal formation of the child's bone tissue. Beef liver, buckwheat porridge, apples and tomato juice will supply the body with iron, the need for which increases day by day, and the lack of which can cause anemia. Vegetables and fruits in sufficient quantities in the diet are required - both as a source of vitamins and minerals, and as a "fuse" against constipation.

The quality of food is of great importance: during pregnancy it is better to refuse smoked meats, marinades, semi-finished products, all kinds of purchased ketchups, mayonnaises, sauces. In addition, it is worth limiting the consumption of sweets and flour products in order to avoid a jump in weight and not provoke the development of diabetes in pregnant women.

And, of course, alcohol is strictly prohibited in the second trimester of pregnancy, with a high degree of risk that has a negative impact on the development of the child. True, in some cases, experts allow red wine in small quantities, but only occasionally, always natural and unfortified, diluted by half with water.

Vitamins in the second trimester of pregnancy

The need for valuable substances, including vitamins, increases approximately 1.5 times during pregnancy. But this does not mean that a woman should a priori take vitamins in the second trimester of pregnancy in the form of multivitamin preparations, no way. So, the body of each person, do not tire of reminding doctors, is individual, which means that the needs of each pregnant woman are individual. Moreover, according to one of the theories, the body "knows how" to independently regulate needs and "distribute" reserves.

If in the recent past, many doctors almost without exception prescribed vitamin courses to pregnant women (and it is imperative to coordinate the intake of certain multivitamin preparations with a doctor), today many refuse to do so. It has been proven that the uncontrolled administration of vitamin complexes during pregnancy very often leads to the birth of large children, who, moreover, are born during a caesarean section (a woman who is too large is not always able to give birth naturally).

Therefore, all the same, doctors make the main “emphasis” on the issue of providing the body with vitamins on good nutrition, especially if the pregnant woman carefully monitors the diet, the pregnancy did not fall in the winter-spring period and proceeds safely. The principles of proper nutrition in order to obtain the maximum amount of vitamins from food: the mandatory presence of proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, prebiotics and probiotics in the daily menu.

At the same time, it must be borne in mind that some substances are prescribed to all expectant mothers additionally, regardless of age, living conditions and health status. These include folic acid and vitamin E - they are necessary to reduce the risk of possible anomalies in the child's nervous development. In addition, taking folic acid reduces the chance of preeclampsia or pregnancy-related hypertension.

During pregnancy, including the second trimester, the need also increases for B vitamins (needed for the absorption of proteins, the development of the nervous system and brain), vitamins A (responsible for the development of bone tissue, retina, skin), C ( reduces the risk of preterm birth, is necessary for immunity), D (participates in the formation of bone tissue and the "laying" of the baby's teeth). But the expediency of additional intake of certain multivitamin preparations that combine different combinations of vitamins should be determined by the doctor. It is possible that the need for vitamins can be replenished by adjusting the diet.

Sex in the second trimester of pregnancy

When the main worries about the fixation of the fetus in the uterus and its normal development remain in the past, and with them all the ailments and signs of early toxicosis go into oblivion, the woman quite logically “remembers” the pleasant moments of intimacy. So, together with a spouse who misses bodily pleasures, she wonders if sex is possible and how safe it is in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Almost all doctors agree that in the absence of contraindications and the normal course of pregnancy, intimacy in the second trimester is not only allowed, but also necessary. So, sex life does not harm the unborn baby at all, but mom and dad give the opportunity to experience new sensations, get even closer and fully enjoy each other's touches.

Interestingly, many women note that the middle of pregnancy is marked by a kind of “splash” of sexual energy. Doctors explain the growing need for physical love in this case by intense blood supply to the pelvic organs. Therefore, sex in the second trimester of pregnancy, if not forbidden by a doctor, can even be practiced.

At this time, it is well palpable through the abdominal wall. The height of the uterine fundus at the beginning of the 2nd trimester is approximately 13 cm (measured from the pubic symphysis to the highest point of the uterus), and by the 26th week it rises to 25-27 cm.

The volume of the abdomen increases gradually (by about 1 cm every week), and at the beginning of the second trimester it is 68-70 cm, and at the end of it - 78-82 cm.

Analyzes and medical examinations

In the second trimester, a woman visits her doctor once every three weeks. The day before, she gives urine and blood for analysis, on the basis of which a specialist can judge the condition of the fetus.

At each examination, the doctor measures the woman's blood pressure. If the expectant mother has gained too many extra pounds and at the same time she has high blood pressure, there is a risk of preeclampsia. This is a serious violation, which is characterized by a disorder of the urinary and cardiovascular systems, often manifested by edema and the presence of protein in the urine.

In addition, a doctor observing a woman enters the following indicators into the map: weight, height of the uterine fundus, abdominal circumference. And starting from the 18th-20th week, the examination must listen to the fetal heartbeat with a stethoscope.

Vaginal examination during this period of pregnancy is usually not performed, unless there are special indications.

ultrasound

Ultrasound in the second trimester is usually performed closer to the 20th week. Since all the organs of the fetus are practically formed, the doctor can judge the development of the heart, kidneys, brain, lungs, stomach, gallbladder. Toward the end of this trimester, it becomes possible to assess whether the facial structures are correctly formed, and thus exclude developmental pathologies, such as cheiloschisis (often called "cleft lip") - a cleft of the upper or lower lip.

Screening

In the period from the 17th to the 19th week, a woman is prescribed a second trimester screening. It includes ultrasound and a biochemical blood test for hormones. Screening allows you to identify diseases such as Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, Patau syndrome, neural tube defect, as well as anatomical pathologies of the fetus.

Quite often, if the screening of the 1st trimester showed good results, only ultrasound is done in the 2nd trimester, biochemical analysis is not examined. However, in some cases, full screening is still recommended, for example, if the pregnant woman is over 35 years old, there were poor screening results in the 1st trimester, there was a long-term threat of miscarriage, there were already cases of children born with chromosomal abnormalities in the family.

Starting from the 16th week, during an ultrasound, the doctor also evaluates the amount of amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid index).

What does a child look like

In this trimester there is a very active development of the fetus. The weight of the baby at 14 weeks is 40 g, and the height reaches 10 cm; by the end of the trimester, these dimensions will increase to 900 g and 36 cm, respectively.

Just imagine how much your baby will change in just over three months!

Here's what else happens to the fetus during this period:

muscles and ligaments are actively formed;

rudiments of milk and permanent teeth are formed;

the first hairs appear on the head, and the body is gradually covered with fluffy hairs called lanugo;

the baby begins to write, that is, his urinary system is already working and he is able to excrete urine directly into the amniotic fluid;

fully formed fingers and toes;

the sebaceous glands begin to work, and gradually the original (cheesy) lubricant is formed on the skin - a protective layer that protects the skin of the fetus until birth;

the child can suck his fingers, touch his face, umbilical cord;

meconium, the original feces, begins to form in the intestine, which normally leaves the child's body on the first day;

the child is actively moving, and by the 20th week, most mothers already feel mild tremors;

the fetus begins to hear sounds from the outside, later he can even react to them, depending on whether he likes them or not;

in the lungs, the production of surfactant begins - a substance that will not allow the walls of the alveoli to stick together immediately after birth;

the fetus begins to hiccup, there is a version that this is how he trains the respiratory organs.

What happens in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy: sensations

The second trimester is considered the most favorable during the entire pregnancy. Usually, at this moment, toxicosis recedes, which worries many women in the first months. The expectant mother seems to have new strength, she feels cheerful and quite easily tolerates pregnancy in the absence of pathology.

Stomach ache

Unpleasant sensations in the lower abdomen may occur after the 20th week of pregnancy. Usually they are associated with the fact that the uterus increases in size and stretches the round ligament that supports the uterus. They do not last long and pass within 3-5 minutes.

Pain can also occur during physical exertion or overexertion. In this case, it makes sense to change the way of life, playing sports.

The cause of pulling pains may be uterine hypertonicity, women usually say: "The belly is like a stone." In this case, the doctor will recommend resting more often, possibly prescribing antispasmodic drugs, as well as wearing a bandage.

An intestinal disorder can cause pulling pains in the abdomen. Then you need to change the diet and carefully monitor the quality and quantity of food consumed.

Lower back pain

The belly of the expectant mother greatly increases in volume, which inevitably leads to a shift in the center of gravity. The spine receives an additional load, and when walking, a woman involuntarily arches it. Toward the end of the second trimester, such pain may become more frequent. In any case, it is better to inform the doctor about it.

As a preventive measure, it is worth refusing to wear shoes with heels, as well as attending special sports classes for pregnant women.

Allocations

Vaginal discharge in the second trimester is normal, the only question is what quality they are. If the discharge is clear or whitish, odorless, then you should not worry.

It is necessary to consult a doctor if the discharge has become yellow-purulent, green in color, has a curdled consistency and has an unpleasant odor. This most often indicates an infection that must be treated before delivery so as not to infect the baby. The second trimester in this sense is favorable in that more drugs are allowed for use, which means that it will be easier to cope with the infection.

But any medicine can be used only as prescribed by a doctor!

Nausea

Nausea, which regularly worries the expectant mother during the first trimester, usually disappears by 14-16 weeks. However, a little later, after the 20th week, heartburn may appear. This is due to the fact that under the influence of progesterone, the tone of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract decreases and the acidic contents of the stomach are thrown back into the esophagus. To cope with this trouble is quite simple: just change the diet.

Do's and Don'ts in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy

Since the second trimester is the most favorable period of pregnancy, it is worth enjoying it to the fullest. For example, now is the time to start attending any sports classes for expectant mothers (if there are no contraindications), pick up courses to prepare for childbirth, make repairs (if it was supposed to prepare the room for the baby to appear).

Proper nutrition and diets

The issue of compiling the right diet in the second trimester plays a special role - it is during this period that expectant mothers are most likely to gain excess weight. Therefore, several important rules must be observed:

eat fractionally - often and a little bit. 6-7 meals of 200-250 g is the ideal approach to nutrition, which, among other things, will help get rid of heartburn;

for the prevention of anemia, boiled beef, apples, spinach, buckwheat porridge should be included in the diet. As for liver dishes, check with your doctor, because today offal in the diet of expectant mothers causes a lot of controversy among obstetrician-gynecologists, probably it's all about their quality;

Try to eliminate salt from your diet as much as possible. Refuse all pickles, smoked meats, sausages - they very much retain water in the body and become one of the causes of edema, which is highly undesirable throughout pregnancy;

Eat more vegetables and fruits, especially if you need to snack between meals.

Replace "fast" carbs with "slow" carbs. Eliminate sweet pastries, white bread, sweets, white rice, potatoes, sugary juices. Include vegetables in the diet (cabbage, zucchini, cucumbers, lettuce, greens, low-fat cottage cheese, bread).

Sex in the absence of contraindications is very beneficial for a woman's physical and emotional health. Moreover, many expectant mothers say that it was during pregnancy that they experienced completely new and unusual sensations.

Contraindications

Of course, pregnancy is not a disease, but it is at least reasonable to follow reasonable rules during the period of bearing a baby. Therefore, here is what is recommended to refuse:

smoking and alcohol;

active participation in the repair (pasting wallpaper, painting walls, etc.);

power loads in the gym (twisting, push-ups, lifting dumbbells and squats with them, jumping, etc.);

lifting weights (bags from the store, if possible, let other family members carry them);

long business trips that not only exhaust physically, but also emotionally;

any nervous stress negatively affects the health of the fetus;

tasty, but unhealthy food (except for sauces and smoked meats, mushrooms and nuts are dangerous);

long vacation flights. If you decide to go on vacation, choose non-stop routes that last no more than four hours;

it is harmful to stay in a sitting position for a long time, while crossing your legs. If you work in an office, try to take a break every 40-60 minutes;

during the season of ARVI and flu, avoid visiting crowded places.

The period of bearing a child is 9 months, 40 weeks or 280 days, during which mother and baby have to go through a difficult and difficult path before meeting each other. This period is usually divided into trimesters of pregnancy by weeks, each of which has its own characteristics and symptoms.

Trimesters of pregnancy: how to divide and count In obstetric practice, the entire period of bearing a child is divided into trimesters. Young women preparing to become mothers for the first time do not always understand the meaning of this term, asking questions - what are trimesters, and how many are there in pregnancy?

Do not worry, the trimester is a period of three months, making up 1/3 of the entire period of bearing a child. There are two ways to break down pregnancy into trimesters by week. In the first, simplified method, the maximum period of bearing a child (42 weeks) is divided into three equal parts, each of which includes 14 weeks.

The second method is more rational, according to doctors. Here, the calculation is based on 40 obstetric weeks, divided as follows:

I trimester - from the 1st to the 13th week
II trimester - from the 14th to the 27th week
III trimester - from the 28th week until the birth of the baby

The calculation of trimesters is carried out in order to make it easier and more convenient for obstetricians and expectant mothers to monitor the course of pregnancy, since each period has its own characteristics and symptoms, covering not one specific month, but a whole stage.

Pregnancy trimesters by week: table

Trimesters of pregnancy

In the table you can clearly see how the trimesters are divided and how to count them. It shows that the entire pregnancy is conditionally divided into three important periods, which include three calendar months each. These indicators are the same for each woman, therefore, they do not provide for any individual calculations.

The first trimester is the initial stage at which the conception and formation of the embryo occurs. Sometimes during this period, the expectant mother does not even suspect that a new life is emerging in her body. Most often, the first symptoms begin to appear by the 4th week: a woman notices a delay in the menstrual cycle, and her body reacts sharply to the appearance of a small “blazer” with malaise and nausea.

The second trimester is considered the most calm and prosperous period of the “interesting situation”. By this moment, the body of the expectant mother is fully adapted to the fact that you need to work for two, although the figure of a woman begins to change significantly - a belly appears, shapes are rounded, and the total weight increases.

By this stage, the embryo turns from a “tadpole” into a real little man: all the important organs and systems of vital activity are formed in him, he already knows how to move his arms and legs, suck his finger, bringing immense joy to the mother, who feels the movements of the baby in the stomach.

The third trimester is the most anxious and difficult period. It lasts from 7 months until delivery. At this stage, the woman's body is actively preparing for childbirth, and the baby continues to actively grow and develop. For the development of an infant, the last three months of intrauterine life are an important preparation for independent life, so a woman needs to make every effort to create favorable conditions for the baby to successfully pass the final period of formation.

Despite the fact that each trimester brings with it certain difficulties for the expectant mother, they are all wonderful and beautiful in their own way. Passing each section of the path before meeting with a child, a woman gains invaluable experience that cannot be bought for money.